Ftir spectra of ligninphenolformaldehyde resins, equivalent unmodified resin and commercial resole product. Eastman kodak company, eastman chemicals division, p. The first method was the replacement of a certain percentage of phenol 540% with lignin as supplied directly into resins. Organosolv lignin modified resins december 2002 international journal of adhesion and adhesives 226. The ultimate aim of this work was to develop a phenolic resin for partially replacing phenol with modified organosolv lignin in phenolformaldehyde pf resin production. Characteristics of lignin extracted from pararubber wood. The ligninmodified phenolic resin was prepared by replacing 25% of the phenol with pco. Apr 15, 2004 four different types of lignin modified resins were used by replacing phenol with lignin. Organosolv ligninmodified phenolic resins and method for their preparation. Comparative analysis of different lignins as phenol. Pdf physicochemical characterization of lignins from. The prime factor which determines the properties of phenolic resol resin is. The resin synthesis was optimized by varying the molar ratio of phenol to.
Impact of molecular weight of kraft lignin on adhesive. Evaluations of the ligninmodified phenolic resins were carried out on a small scale by measuring the lapshear strength of parallel laminated. To provide a phenolic resin enabling precise injectionmolding, having excellent characteristics similar to a conventional phenolic resin, coping with an environmental problem and a stably supplying problem, and a method of producing the same, a phenolic resin molding material having the ligninmodified novolac type phenolic resin blended together. The ligninformaldehyde relationship was determined in a reactivity test. Phenolic or pf resins were the first polymeric resins produced. Standard test method for determination of percent nonvolatile content of liquid phenolic resins used for wood laminating, american society for testing and materials, philadelphia, pa, america.
Phenolic resins technology handbook 2nd revised edition. In this study, organosolv wheat straw lignin was tested as a substitute for 50% to 70% of the phenol in a phenolformaldehyderesol resin. Organosolv lignin obtained from hardwood and wheat straw were converted in a supercritical fluid consisting of carbon dioxideacetonewater 300370c, 100bar to a phenolic oil consisting of oligomeric fragments and monomeric aromatic compounds with a total yield of 1012% based on lignin. Besides, all cured epoxy resins have the char residue in the range 2338%, which is higher than conventional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol a dgeba.
S tively, soda process eliminates aliphatic oh from l2. Activation of magnesium lignosulfonate and kraft lignin. Pdf graphitization of ligninphenolformaldehyde resins. Graphitization of ligninphenolformaldehyde resins 1. Lhw was performed at 200 c for 30 min, and eo was performed using uncatalyzed ethanolwater solutions, according to a design of experiments. However, their synthesis process was smooth only up to the substitution level of 50%. Organosolv wheat straw lignin as a phenol substitute for.
Use of organosolv lignin in phenolformaldehyde resins for particleboard production. The modified lignins were used as raw materials for preparing ligninphenolformaldehyde lpf resins. Different degrees of phenol substitution 2030% were investigated for the. Pdf studies on ligninbased adhesives for particleboard. Numerous works reported the production of ligninbased resins for wood panels. A modified resole resin and an adhesive composition containing the resin wherein the resin is prepared by first. Ethanol as capping agent and formaldehyde scavenger for. Ragauskas 1,2,3,4, 1 center for renewable carbon, department of forestry, wildlife and fisheries, university of tennessee institute of agriculture, knoxville, tn 37996, usa.
For instance, the polyaromatic structure of lignin fraction of biomass makes it a high potential feedstock for the production of valuable aromatic chemicals such as phenolic compounds. Considering the fact that lignin is a polymer with a fair amount of hydroxyl phenolic and aliphatic and carboxylic groups that own reactive hydrogen, lignin has the potential to replace polyols. Lignin can be incorporated into the structure of phenolics and strongly bind them, similarly to the bonding of cellulose. Valorization of an industrial organosolvsugarcane bagasse. This result indicates that the dklddm can compete with the petroleumbased epoxy resins. Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin. Us5202403a lignin modified phenolformaldehyde resins. Acidcatalyzed phenolation of organosolv lignin is performed to increase the phenolic structure with the open orthoposition, which is a requirement for an oxazine ring formation. The phenolic nature of lignin makes it prone to replace phenol with lignin derivatives in pf resins to formulate wood composite adhesives suitable for plywood, particle board and other similar kind of composites, replacing current synthetic pf resins which are based on petrochemical, nonrenewable sources 62 72. Nuruddin, alfred tcherbinarteh, mahesh hosur, and shaik jeelani department of materials science and engineering, tuskegee university 1200 w. Ligninmodified resins were compared with control pf resin. Studies on synthesis, characterization of modified phenol.
The lignin modified phenolic resin was prepared by replacing 25% of the phenol with. Ligninmodified phenolic resin has been prepared by replacing phenol with lignin at different weight percentages. Jan 01, 2018 the lpf resins also show this broad peak but with a maximum at a 5c higher temperature, indicating a lower reactivity of these resins. The global environment, in which phenolic resins are being used for wood composite manufacture, has changed significantly during the last decade. Fungusmodified lignin and its use in wood adhesive for. Possibility of enhancing the dimensional stability of. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks. Us5010156a organosolv ligninmodified phenolic resins and. The ligninmodified phenolic resin was prepared by replacing 25 % of the phenol with. Materials and methods the essential raw materials used in the preparation of phenolic resins were. Phenolic resins offer excellent properties and comprehensive binding capabilities with various substances. A ligninmodified phenolformaldehyde resin for use as an adhesive for particulate wood products is disclosed which is prepared by reacting phenol and formaldehyde with an aqueous alkaline solution of an organosolv lignin. Physicochemical characterization of lignins from different. Choosing the right lignin to fully replace bisphenol a in.
The resin synthesis was optimized by varying the molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, and the reaction time by measuring parameters such as the gelation time, flow time, solids content, ph. The properties of the resins were determined with typical lab analysis. Lignin modified phenolformaldehyde resins download pdf. Lignin from an integrated process consisting of liquid hot. The use of lignin modified phenolic resin in the production of such refractory is. They found that isopropanol is the preferred alcohol solvent because of its good transfer hydrogenation properties in the catalytic depolymerization of organosolv lignin. Considering the declining nonrenewable fossil resources, there is increasing interest in the development of more environmentally conscious, sustainable and costeffective substitutes for chemical production. Recent research progress on ligninderived resins for natural. In the second method, lignin was modified by phenolation prior to resin manufacture. Lignins contain several functional groups such as hydroxyl, both phenolic and aliphatic oh, which have similar properties as petrolderived phenol. Conversion of technical lignins to functional materials. In this study sawdust lignin could be best substitution for phenol in synthesis of phenolformaldehyde resin. Increase in the manufacturing of carbon fiber, activated carbon, vanillin, phenol derivatives, and phenolic resins is expected to boost the demand for organosolv lignin.
A binding agent for molding compositions and molded bodies produced by reacting a low molecular weight lignin from the organosolv process with phenol in a weight ratio of 1. The weckhuysen group15,21 developed an aqueous phase reforming process of lignin in ethanolwater solvent using a pt. Jan 28, 20 extensive efforts have been made to explore highvalue applications of lignin, in particular in polymeric materials, such phenolic and epoxy resins. Phenolic or pf resins were the first polymeric resins. The organosolv lignins recovered from this process were investiga. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards. Alongside, the market is anticipated to grow at a cagr of 5. The utilisation of organosolv lignin in pf resins was achieved through various approaches. It is a complex molecular structure containing crosslinked polymers of phenolic monomers mainly consisted of. The resin of the present invention is also superior to prior art ligninmodified resins in that it is low in sulfate, ash and sulfur residues, and thus will not give off distracting or harmful sulfur odors during resin preparation or hotpressing of the adhesive and. Corncob was successively pretreated by liquid hot water lhw and ethanol organosolv eo in an integrated process. Lignin, a main component in lignocellulosic biomass, has been considered to be a potential substitute for petroleumbased phenol due to its phenolic structure. Studies on ligninbased adhesives for particleboard panels. Jan 01, 2002 part i of this work demonstrates that organosolv lignin when substituted for up to 30% of the phenol in ligninmodified pf resins would be a suitable raw material in particleboardtype resin formulations.
Tuskegee institute, alabama 36088 abstract resole phenol formaldehyde resins have been used in. Commercialization of ligninbased phenol formaldehyde resins lpf has been limited due to the increase in. Use of organosolv lignin in phenolformaldehyde resins for particleboard production i. Benzoxazines with enhanced thermal stability from phenolated. Preparation and characterization of a phenolformaldehyde.
The employed pyrolysis procedure can be used to produce refractory bricks. Siddiqui 20 observed an additional clear signal at higher temperatures for ligninmodified phenolic resins. Evaluation of the particle size of organosolv lignin in the. Pdf ligninphenolformaldehyde lpf resoles were prepared. Organosolv wheat straw lignin as a phenol substitute for green phenolic resins nadine tachon,a bouchra benjellounmlayah,a, and michel delmas a,b organosolv wheat straw lignin extracted using the cimv processtm is a linear, low molecular weight, and natural phenolic oligomer. The lignin was used without any chemical modification in a onestep synthesis reaction. Resol phenolic resins were prepared with various substitution levels of phenol up to 80%. In the report, the phenolic resins market is segmented on the basis of product type, application, and region. Mar 01, 2015 organosolv lignins were modified with different fungal species.
The lignin modified resins were prepared from purified lignin obtained from paper industry waste black liquor. Pdf lignin phenol formaldehyde lpf resoles were prepared. Phenolic resins elastomers carbon fibers bioplastics intermediates 2g biofuels. Lpf resin modified with methylolated lignin at phenol replace ment levels of 20 to. Tree foliage extracts and their use in phenolaldehyde resins.
Evaluation of the particle size of organosolv lignin in. Production of biobased phenol formaldehyde foams semantic. Ligninbased resins were synthesised with organosolv lignin using various percentages of lignin replacement for phenol. Evaluations of the ligninmodified phenolic resins were carried out on a small scale by measuring the lapshear strength of parallel laminated maple blocks, and on a large scale by performing strength and dimensional tests on southern pine flake boards waferboard or strandboard types. Use of organosolv lignin in phenolformaldehyde resins for.
Two model compounds using ocresol and pcresol as the phenolic component and propargylamine as the amine component are also synthesized for comparison. In this study, organosolv wheat straw lignin was tested as a substitute for 50% to 70%. Recent research progress on ligninderived resins for. Organosolv lignins obtained from sugar maple bark and wood were studied as adhesives for wood particleboard production. Reinforcement of ligninbased phenolformaldehyde adhesive. Jp5354882b2 method for producing ligninmodified novolac.
Organosolv wheat straw lignin as a phenol substitute for green. The lignin was introduced to the resin in two different ways. The chemical structure of lpf is characterized by c nmr, and tma and dsc analyses are conducted to evaluate the thermal behaviors. The organosolv lignin used in the formation of the resin is obtained from a pulping liquor prepared from particulate wood material from hardwood trees, aqueous polar organic. Organosolv lignin an overview sciencedirect topics. Jute felt composite from lignin modified phenolic resin.
Therefore, it is of great interest to design and evaluate the potential of a synthesis method that uses unmodified lignin directly as a bpa replacement in epoxy resin formulation. To investigate bonding between jute and resin, ir spectroscopy of jute felts and composites was carried out. Preparation and characterization of phenolformaldehyde. Polymerisation reactions during the synthesis of pf resins take place through electrophillic substitution of f.
Jan 18, 2017 cetin ns, ozmen n 2002 use of organosolv lignin in phenolformaldehyde resins for particleboard production. The boards produced with unmodified and modified lignin adhesives under equivalent. Us5010156a organosolv ligninmodified phenolic resins. In this work, selective conversion of the organosolv ligninderived pyrolyzates to alkylphenols was carried out using cemcm41 as insitu catalyst.
Phenolic resin market size estimated to reach at usd 19. The adhesive used in the manufacturing of plywood was prepared by mixing 70% of pure resol and 30% of methylolated pco. Biobased alternatives to phenol and formaldehyde for the. Insitu upgrading of organosolv lignin and cellulose. Organosolv wheat straw lignin extracted using the cimv processtm is a linear, low molecular weight, and natural phenolic oligomer.
Part i of this work demonstrates that organosolv lignin when substituted for up to 30% of the phenol in ligninmodified pf resins would be a suitable raw material in particleboardtype resin formulations. Study of organosolv lignins as adhesives in wood panel. Synthesis and characterization of novel phenolic resin system based on lignin extracted from different biomass resources dereca hubbard, md. Use of modified lignocellulosic butanol residue in phenol. Organosolv ligninphenolformaldehyde lpf resins were produced in a twostep preparation with different additions of lignin. The biobased pf resol resins had redeco charme pdf higher molecular weights, higher. Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on. Organosolv pulping of sugar maple wood and bark was carried out in the presence of lewis acid fecl. Organosolv ligninmodified phenolic resins and method for.
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